AirBnb NYC Price Prediction

By - Rohan Dhadwal

Map Reference

📌 Dataset Overview

📖 Context

Since its inception in 2008, Airbnb has transformed the way people travel by offering unique, personalized accommodations beyond traditional hotels. This dataset provides insights into the Airbnb listings in New York City (NYC) for the year 2019, capturing key details about hosts, properties, pricing, and availability. By analyzing this dataset, we can explore patterns in rental prices, geographical distribution, and factors influencing Airbnb listings.

📂 Dataset Content

The dataset contains essential details required to analyze host activity, location-based trends, and pricing variations across different boroughs of NYC. It includes information such as property characteristics, host details, pricing, room types, review metrics, and availability. This enables us to build predictive models for Airbnb pricing and extract valuable business insights.

🔍 Key Features

Column	Description
id	Unique identifier for each listing
name	Name of the listing
host_id	Unique identifier for the host
host_name	Name of the host
neighbourhood_group	Borough or main location of the listing (e.g., Manhattan, Brooklyn)
neighbourhood	Specific area within the borough
latitude	Geographic latitude coordinate of the listing
longitude	Geographic longitude coordinate of the listing
room_type	Type of space offered (e.g., Entire home, Private room, Shared room)
price	Listing price per night in USD
minimum_nights	Minimum required stay duration
number_of_reviews	Total number of reviews received
last_review	Date of the most recent review
reviews_per_month	Average number of reviews per month
calculated_host_listings_count	Total number of listings managed by the host
availability_365	Number of days the listing is available for booking within a year

🎯 Use Cases

This dataset can be used for various data analysis and machine learning tasks, including:
✔️ Price Prediction – Identifying factors influencing rental prices and building predictive models
✔️ Geospatial Analysis – Understanding the distribution of listings across NYC
✔️ Host Behavior Insights – Examining host activity, availability, and review patterns
✔️ Customer Trends – Analyzing demand patterns based on reviews and availability

---

This dataset serves as the foundation for our Airbnb Price Prediction Model, where we aim to uncover insights and forecast listing prices based on key attributes. Let's dive into the data! 🚀

Importing Libraries

import pandas as pd
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import seaborn as sns

from scipy.stats import norm
from sklearn.model_selection import train_test_split
from sklearn.preprocessing import RobustScaler
from sklearn.linear_model import Lasso
from sklearn.ensemble import RandomForestRegressor
from sklearn.neighbors import KNeighborsRegressor
from xgboost import XGBRegressor
from sklearn.metrics import r2_score, mean_absolute_error
from sklearn.model_selection import GridSearchCV

Loading the Dataset

df = pd.read_csv('./AB_NYC_2019.csv')

df.info()

<class 'pandas.core.frame.DataFrame'>
RangeIndex: 48895 entries, 0 to 48894
Data columns (total 16 columns):
 #   Column                          Non-Null Count  Dtype  
---  ------                          --------------  -----  
 0   id                              48895 non-null  int64  
 1   name                            48879 non-null  object 
 2   host_id                         48895 non-null  int64  
 3   host_name                       48874 non-null  object 
 4   neighbourhood_group             48895 non-null  object 
 5   neighbourhood                   48895 non-null  object 
 6   latitude                        48895 non-null  float64
 7   longitude                       48895 non-null  float64
 8   room_type                       48895 non-null  object 
 9   price                           48895 non-null  int64  
 10  minimum_nights                  48895 non-null  int64  
 11  number_of_reviews               48895 non-null  int64  
 12  last_review                     38843 non-null  object 
 13  reviews_per_month               38843 non-null  float64
 14  calculated_host_listings_count  48895 non-null  int64  
 15  availability_365                48895 non-null  int64  
dtypes: float64(3), int64(7), object(6)
memory usage: 6.0+ MB

df.head(5)

	id	name	host_id	host_name	neighbourhood_group	neighbourhood	latitude	longitude	room_type	price	minimum_nights	number_of_reviews	last_review	reviews_per_month	calculated_host_listings_count	availability_365
0	2539	Clean & quiet apt home by the park	2787	John	Brooklyn	Kensington	40.647	-73.972	Private room	149	1	9	2018-10-19	0.210	6	365
1	2595	Skylit Midtown Castle	2845	Jennifer	Manhattan	Midtown	40.754	-73.984	Entire home/apt	225	1	45	2019-05-21	0.380	2	355
2	3647	THE VILLAGE OF HARLEM....NEW YORK !	4632	Elisabeth	Manhattan	Harlem	40.809	-73.942	Private room	150	3	0	NaN	NaN	1	365
3	3831	Cozy Entire Floor of Brownstone	4869	LisaRoxanne	Brooklyn	Clinton Hill	40.685	-73.960	Entire home/apt	89	1	270	2019-07-05	4.640	1	194
4	5022	Entire Apt: Spacious Studio/Loft by central park	7192	Laura	Manhattan	East Harlem	40.799	-73.944	Entire home/apt	80	10	9	2018-11-19	0.100	1	0

df.shape

(48895, 16)

Checking duplicate and null values

df.duplicated().sum()

0

df.isna().sum()

id                                    0
name                                 16
host_id                               0
host_name                            21
neighbourhood_group                   0
neighbourhood                         0
latitude                              0
longitude                             0
room_type                             0
price                                 0
minimum_nights                        0
number_of_reviews                     0
last_review                       10052
reviews_per_month                 10052
calculated_host_listings_count        0
availability_365                      0
dtype: int64

Data Cleaning

Removing unnecessary columns

To streamline our analysis and focus on meaningful insights, we can remove certain columns that do not significantly contribute to our model.

1. host_id – This is a unique identifier for hosts, which does not provide any predictive power. Since it does not impact the price of a listing, it can be safely dropped. To identify the listing, we will retain the id column.
2. host_name and name – The listing name and host name are textual data that do not contain numerical or categorical information useful for price prediction. Additionally, these values may introduce unnecessary noise rather than contribute to meaningful analysis.
3. last_review – While review counts may be relevant, the exact date of the last review is unlikely to impact pricing patterns significantly.

Thus, we remove these columns to focus on the most relevant factors influencing Airbnb prices.

df = df.drop(columns=['host_id', 'name', 'host_name', 'last_review'])

df.columns

Index(['id', 'neighbourhood_group', 'neighbourhood', 'latitude', 'longitude',
       'room_type', 'price', 'minimum_nights', 'number_of_reviews',
       'reviews_per_month', 'calculated_host_listings_count',
       'availability_365'],
      dtype='object')

df.shape

(48895, 12)

Handling missing values

df.isna().sum()

id                                    0
neighbourhood_group                   0
neighbourhood                         0
latitude                              0
longitude                             0
room_type                             0
price                                 0
minimum_nights                        0
number_of_reviews                     0
reviews_per_month                 10052
calculated_host_listings_count        0
availability_365                      0
dtype: int64

df['reviews_per_month'].head(10)

0   0.210
1   0.380
2     NaN
3   4.640
4   0.100
5   0.590
6   0.400
7   3.470
8   0.990
9   1.330
Name: reviews_per_month, dtype: float64

As we can see, the column reviews per month contains NaN values. This likely means that the listing has never been reviewed. Hence, I will replace it with 0.

# Replacing NaN with 0 for reviews_per_month column
df['reviews_per_month'] = df['reviews_per_month'].fillna(0)

df.isna().sum()

id                                0
neighbourhood_group               0
neighbourhood                     0
latitude                          0
longitude                         0
room_type                         0
price                             0
minimum_nights                    0
number_of_reviews                 0
reviews_per_month                 0
calculated_host_listings_count    0
availability_365                  0
dtype: int64

Dropping null values as a safety measure

df=df.dropna()

df.info()

<class 'pandas.core.frame.DataFrame'>
RangeIndex: 48895 entries, 0 to 48894
Data columns (total 12 columns):
 #   Column                          Non-Null Count  Dtype  
---  ------                          --------------  -----  
 0   id                              48895 non-null  int64  
 1   neighbourhood_group             48895 non-null  object 
 2   neighbourhood                   48895 non-null  object 
 3   latitude                        48895 non-null  float64
 4   longitude                       48895 non-null  float64
 5   room_type                       48895 non-null  object 
 6   price                           48895 non-null  int64  
 7   minimum_nights                  48895 non-null  int64  
 8   number_of_reviews               48895 non-null  int64  
 9   reviews_per_month               48895 non-null  float64
 10  calculated_host_listings_count  48895 non-null  int64  
 11  availability_365                48895 non-null  int64  
dtypes: float64(3), int64(6), object(3)
memory usage: 4.5+ MB

Exploratory Data Analysis

Analyzing numerical data

df.describe()

	id	latitude	longitude	price	minimum_nights	number_of_reviews	reviews_per_month	calculated_host_listings_count	availability_365
count	48895.000	48895.000	48895.000	48895.000	48895.000	48895.000	48895.000	48895.000	48895.000
mean	19017143.236	40.729	-73.952	152.721	7.030	23.274	1.091	7.144	112.781
std	10983108.386	0.055	0.046	240.154	20.511	44.551	1.597	32.953	131.622
min	2539.000	40.500	-74.244	0.000	1.000	0.000	0.000	1.000	0.000
25%	9471945.000	40.690	-73.983	69.000	1.000	1.000	0.040	1.000	0.000
50%	19677284.000	40.723	-73.956	106.000	3.000	5.000	0.370	1.000	45.000
75%	29152178.500	40.763	-73.936	175.000	5.000	24.000	1.580	2.000	227.000
max	36487245.000	40.913	-73.713	10000.000	1250.000	629.000	58.500	327.000	365.000

• Average Price:

The average nightly price is $152.72, but the maximum price reaches an extreme of $10,000, suggesting potential outliers

• Minimum Nights:
  The median minimum nights required is 3, but the maximum value of 1,250 indicates some unusual entries likely requiring further investigation.

• Availability:
  The average availability is around 113 days per year, with some listings available year-round (365 days).

These statistics highlight the variability in pricing, availability, and booking policies across listings.

Correlation Analysis

# Selecting only numerical columns
numeric_df = df.select_dtypes(include=['int64', 'float64'])

corr_matrix = numeric_df.corr(method='pearson')

plt.figure(figsize=(10, 6))
sns.heatmap(corr_matrix, annot=True)
plt.title("Correlation Heatmap", fontsize=14)

plt.show()

• Strong Positive Correlation: number_of_reviews and reviews_per_month (0.59), indicating that listings with more reviews receive them more frequently. This makes sense.

• Weak Correlations: price is weakly correlated with all factors. Also, availability_365 has a slight positive correlation with calculated_host_listings_count (0.23).

• Negative Correlation: price and longitude (-0.15) suggests that there is a slight tendency for prices to decrease as longitude increases, which could reflect geographical trends in NYC, such as higher prices in areas closer to Manhattan (lower longitude values).

Overall, most relationships are weak, indicating that key factors such as price and availability are largely independent. This also suggests that no other feature needs to be removed from the dataset.

Georgraphical & Categorical Variable Analysis

Analyzing Neighbourhood Group

plt.style.use("default")
plt.figure(figsize=(12, 6))

sns.scatterplot(
    data=df, x="longitude", y="latitude", hue="neighbourhood_group", palette="Set1", alpha=0.8)

plt.title("Airbnb Listings by Neighbourhood Group", fontsize=12, fontweight="bold")
plt.xlabel("Longitude", fontsize=12)
plt.ylabel("Latitude", fontsize=12)
plt.legend(title="Neighbourhood Group")
plt.show()

The scatterplot shows the geographical distribution of Airbnb listings across NYC's neighborhood groups. Manhattan (blue) and Brooklyn (red) have the densest concentration of listings, while Staten Island (purple) has the sparsest. The distribution aligns with NYC's population density and tourism hotspots, with Manhattan being the most central and popular area.

plt.figure(figsize=(12, 8))

ax = sns.countplot(data=df, x="neighbourhood_group", palette="dark",hue="neighbourhood_group")

plt.title("Total Airbnb Listings by Neighbourhood Group", fontsize=12, fontweight="bold")
plt.xlabel("Neighbourhood Group", fontsize=12)
plt.ylabel("Number of Listings", fontsize=12)

plt.show()

Manhattan and Brooklyn dominate Airbnb listings in NYC, with over 20,000 each, while Staten Island has the fewest at just 373.

Analyzing Room Type

plt.figure(figsize=(12, 6))

sns.scatterplot(
    data=df, x="longitude", y="latitude", hue="room_type", palette="icefire", alpha=0.8)

plt.title("Airbnb Listings by Room Type", fontsize=12, fontweight="bold")
plt.xlabel("Longitude", fontsize=12)
plt.ylabel("Latitude", fontsize=12)
plt.legend(title="Room Type")
plt.show()

Entire homes/apartments (black) and private rooms (blue) dominate across all areas, with private rooms being more prevalent. Shared rooms (red) are sparse and scattered, indicating they are less common. The densest clusters of listings are in Manhattan and Brooklyn, reflecting their popularity among hosts and travelers.

plt.figure(figsize=(12, 8))

ax = sns.countplot(data=df, x="neighbourhood_group", palette="dark",hue="room_type")

plt.title("Total Airbnb Listings by Room Type and Neighbourhood Group", fontsize=12, fontweight="bold")
plt.xlabel("Neighbourhood Group", fontsize=12)
plt.ylabel("Number of Listings", fontsize=12)

plt.show()

The count plot shows that Manhattan and Brooklyn dominate Airbnb listings, with "Entire home/apt" being the most common room type in both boroughs. Private rooms are also significant, especially in Brooklyn, while shared rooms are rare across all neighborhoods. Staten Island and the Bronx have the fewest listings overall in all 3 room types

Numerical Variable Analysis

Understanding Price

plt.figure(figsize=(12, 6))

sns.histplot(data=df, x='price', bins=30, kde=True, color='red')

plt.title('Price Distribution of Airbnb Listings', fontsize=12)
plt.xlabel('Price ($)', fontsize=12)
plt.ylabel('Density', fontsize=12)

plt.show()

The price distribution of Airbnb listings is highly skewed to the right, with most listings concentrated at lower price ranges (under \$500). A few extreme outliers exist, with prices exceeding \$6,000. This suggests that while most listings might be affordable, a small number of luxury or premium properties significantly inflate the price range.

Hence, we can use a logarithmic scale that will help us to visualize the spread of prices effectively.

plt.figure(figsize=(12, 6))

sns.histplot(data=df, x=np.log1p(df['price']), bins=30, kde=True, color='red')


plt.title('Log-Transformed Price Distribution of Airbnb Listings', fontsize=12)
plt.xlabel('Log(Price + 1)', fontsize=12)
plt.ylabel('Density', fontsize=12)


plt.show()

The log transformation of price reveals a more symmetrical and bell-shaped distribution, making it easier to interpret patterns in the data. Since log(0) is undefined, adding 1 ensures that listings with a price of $0 (if any) are handled correctly. The transformed scale allows for better comparisons, as differences between lower prices will be more noticeable.

df['log_price']=np.log1p(df["price"])

Neighbourhood Group vs Log of Price for Room Types

plt.figure(figsize=(15, 18))

room_types = df['room_type'].unique()
neighbourhood_order = ['Manhattan', 'Brooklyn', 'Queens', 'Staten Island', 'Bronx']

# Create a violin plot for each room type
for i, room_type in enumerate(room_types):
    plt.subplot(len(room_types), 1, i + 1)  # Create a subplot for each room type
    sns.boxplot(data=df[df['room_type'] == room_type], 
                   x='neighbourhood_group', 
                   y='log_price', 
                   hue='neighbourhood_group', order=neighbourhood_order)
    
    plt.title(f'Price Distribution of {room_type} Listings by Neighbourhood Group', fontsize=14, fontweight='bold')
    plt.xlabel('Neighbourhood Group', fontsize=12)
    plt.ylabel('Log of Price', fontsize=12)

plt.tight_layout()
plt.show()

Private Rooms

• Manhattan exhibits the highest median prices, reflecting its premium location and demand.
• Brooklyn follows with slightly lower prices, while Queens, Staten Island, and the Bronx offer more affordable options.
• The presence of outliers in all boroughs indicates some luxury private room listings.

Entire Homes/Apartments

• Manhattan leads with the highest median prices, emphasizing its desirability for full-property stays.
• Brooklyn has a significant range of prices but remains more affordable than Manhattan.
• Staten Island and the Bronx have the lowest median prices, catering to budget-conscious travelers, though outliers exist across all boroughs.

Shared Rooms

• Prices are generally lower across all boroughs, with Manhattan still having the highest median.
• Brooklyn and Queens offer moderately priced shared spaces, while Staten Island and the Bronx remain the most affordable.
• The limited price range and fewer outliers suggest shared rooms are less popular and cater primarily to budget travelers.

Number of Reviews vs Price for Neighbourhood Groups

plt.figure(figsize=(20, 15))
sns.set_palette("dark")

for neighborhood in df['neighbourhood_group'].unique():
    sns.scatterplot(x='price', y='number_of_reviews', 
                    data=df[df['neighbourhood_group'] == neighborhood],
                    label=neighborhood, alpha=0.7)

plt.xlabel("Price", size=13)
plt.ylabel("Number of Reviews", size=13)
plt.title("Price vs Number of Reviews vs Neighbourhood Group", size=15, weight='bold')
plt.legend(title='Neighbourhood Group')
plt.show()

The scatter plot shows that listings with lower prices tend to have a higher number of reviews, indicating an inverse relationship between price and popularity. As price increases, the number of reviews decreases significantly, suggesting that expensive listings cater to a niche audience. The weak negative correlation highlights that affordability is a key factor in driving customer engagement across all neighborhood groups.

Availability vs Neighbourhood Groups for Room Types

plt.figure(figsize=(15, 12))

room_types = df['room_type'].unique()
neighbourhood_order = ['Manhattan', 'Brooklyn', 'Queens', 'Staten Island', 'Bronx']

for i, room in enumerate(room_types):
    plt.subplot(3, 1, i + 1)
    sns.violinplot(x='neighbourhood_group', y='availability_365', data=df[df['room_type'] == room], palette='mako',
                   hue='neighbourhood_group', order=neighbourhood_order)
    plt.title(f'Availability (365 days) for {room}', fontsize=14, weight='bold')
    plt.xlabel('Neighbourhood Group', fontsize=12)
    plt.ylabel('Availability (Days)', fontsize=12)

plt.tight_layout()
plt.show()

For private rooms, the violin plot shows that Manhattan and Brooklyn have a similar distribution, with the median availability around 0-100 days and a high density of listings available for fewer days. Queens, Staten Island, and the Bronx exhibit wider spreads, with Staten Island having a significant proportion of listings available year-round (365 days).

For entire homes/apartments, Manhattan and Brooklyn still have a concentration of listings with lower availability (0-100 days), but Staten Island shows higher densities for year-round availability (365 days). This suggests that entire homes are more likely to be consistently available, especially in less central boroughs like Staten Island.

For shared rooms, the distribution is narrower overall, with Manhattan showing the highest density around 0-100 days of availability. Brooklyn has a median between 100-200 with almost evenly distributed lower availability listings and higher availability listings. Queens and the Bronx have slightly broader spreads but still show limited year-round availability. Staten Island exhibits an unusual pattern with a small number of listings available for 365 days, reflecting its limited supply of shared rooms compared to other room types.

Data Preprocessing

Outlier Detection

df = df.drop(columns=["log_price"])

num_cols = df.select_dtypes(include=['float64', 'int64']).columns.tolist()

n_cols = 3
n_rows = np.ceil(len(num_cols) / n_cols)

plt.figure(figsize=(10, 3 * n_rows))
for i, col in enumerate(num_cols):
    plt.subplot(int(n_rows), n_cols, i + 1)
    sns.boxplot(x=df[col])
    plt.title(f'Box Plot of {col}')
plt.tight_layout()
plt.show()

The residual plots reveal several patterns and potential outliers in the data.

• For price and minimum_nights, there are extreme values far beyond the whiskers, indicating unusually high prices and long minimum stays that may distort analysis.
• Variables like number_of_reviews and reviews_per_month also show a concentration of data near the lower range, with a few extreme values skewing the distribution.
• Similarly, calculated_host_listings_count has many outliers, likely representing hosts with an unusually large number of listings. These outliers highlight the need for preprocessing to ensure meaningful statistical analysis and modeling.

Outlier Removal

num_cols = df.select_dtypes(include=['float64', 'int64']).columns.tolist()

def calculate_outlier_thresholds(dataframe, column_name, lower_quantile=0.05, upper_quantile=0.95):
    q1 = dataframe[column_name].quantile(lower_quantile)
    q3 = dataframe[column_name].quantile(upper_quantile)
    iqr = q3 - q1
    upper_limit = q3 + 1.5 * iqr
    lower_limit = q1 - 1.5 * iqr
    return lower_limit, upper_limit

def has_outliers(dataframe, column_name):
    lower_limit, upper_limit = calculate_outlier_thresholds(dataframe, column_name)
    return (dataframe[column_name] > upper_limit).any() or (dataframe[column_name] < lower_limit).any()

def cap_outliers(dataframe, column_name):
    dataframe[column_name] = dataframe[column_name].astype(float)
    lower_limit, upper_limit = calculate_outlier_thresholds(dataframe, column_name)
    dataframe.loc[dataframe[column_name] < lower_limit, column_name] = lower_limit
    dataframe.loc[dataframe[column_name] > upper_limit, column_name] = upper_limit

for column in num_cols:
    if has_outliers(df, column):
        cap_outliers(df, column)

num_cols = df.select_dtypes(include=['float64', 'int64']).columns.tolist()

n_cols = 3
n_rows = np.ceil(len(num_cols) / n_cols)

plt.figure(figsize=(10, 3 * n_rows))
for i, col in enumerate(num_cols):
    plt.subplot(int(n_rows), n_cols, i + 1)
    sns.boxplot(x=df[col])
    plt.title(f'Box Plot of {col}')
plt.tight_layout()
plt.show()

The box plots after outlier removal show a much cleaner distribution for most variables, with extreme values significantly reduced.

• For price, minimum_nights, and number_of_reviews, the data is now more concentrated within the whiskers, making it easier to analyze trends without distortion from outliers.
• Similarly, calculated_host_listings_count and reviews_per_month now have fewer extreme values, improving interpretability.

# Checking if any other outliers are to be removed
for col in num_cols:
    print(col, has_outliers(df, col))

id False
latitude False
longitude False
price False
minimum_nights False
number_of_reviews False
reviews_per_month False
calculated_host_listings_count False
availability_365 False

Feature Engineering

# Total cost for the minimum nights of stay.
df['total_cost'] = df['price'] * df['minimum_nights']

# Estimate of how long the property has been listed in months.
df['listed_months'] = df['number_of_reviews'] / df['reviews_per_month']

# Ratio of how often the property is available in a year.
df['availability_ratio'] = df['availability_365'] / 365

# Daily average number of reviews received by the host.
df['average_reviews_per_day'] = df['reviews_per_month'] / 30

# Estimated potential annual income from the property.
df['annual_income'] = df['price'] * df['availability_365']

# Average duration of customer stays at the property.
df['average_stay_duration'] = df['number_of_reviews'] / df['reviews_per_month']

# Occupancy rate, indicating how many days the property is booked in a year.
df['occupancy_rate'] = 365 - df['availability_365']

# Minimum income generated for a booking based on minimum nights.
df['minimum_booking_income'] = df['price'] * df['minimum_nights']

df.head()

	id	neighbourhood_group	neighbourhood	latitude	longitude	room_type	price	minimum_nights	number_of_reviews	reviews_per_month	calculated_host_listings_count	availability_365	total_cost	listed_months	availability_ratio	average_reviews_per_day	annual_income	average_stay_duration	occupancy_rate	minimum_booking_income
0	2539	Brooklyn	Kensington	40.647	-73.972	Private room	149.000	1.000	9.000	0.210	6.000	365	149.000	42.857	1.000	0.007	54385.000	42.857	0	149.000
1	2595	Manhattan	Midtown	40.754	-73.984	Entire home/apt	225.000	1.000	45.000	0.380	2.000	355	225.000	118.421	0.973	0.013	79875.000	118.421	10	225.000
2	3647	Manhattan	Harlem	40.809	-73.942	Private room	150.000	3.000	0.000	0.000	1.000	365	450.000	NaN	1.000	0.000	54750.000	NaN	0	450.000
3	3831	Brooklyn	Clinton Hill	40.685	-73.960	Entire home/apt	89.000	1.000	270.000	4.640	1.000	194	89.000	58.190	0.532	0.155	17266.000	58.190	171	89.000
4	5022	Manhattan	East Harlem	40.799	-73.944	Entire home/apt	80.000	10.000	9.000	0.100	1.000	0	800.000	90.000	0.000	0.003	0.000	90.000	365	800.000

df.info()

<class 'pandas.core.frame.DataFrame'>
RangeIndex: 48895 entries, 0 to 48894
Data columns (total 20 columns):
 #   Column                          Non-Null Count  Dtype  
---  ------                          --------------  -----  
 0   id                              48895 non-null  int64  
 1   neighbourhood_group             48895 non-null  object 
 2   neighbourhood                   48895 non-null  object 
 3   latitude                        48895 non-null  float64
 4   longitude                       48895 non-null  float64
 5   room_type                       48895 non-null  object 
 6   price                           48895 non-null  float64
 7   minimum_nights                  48895 non-null  float64
 8   number_of_reviews               48895 non-null  float64
 9   reviews_per_month               48895 non-null  float64
 10  calculated_host_listings_count  48895 non-null  float64
 11  availability_365                48895 non-null  int64  
 12  total_cost                      48895 non-null  float64
 13  listed_months                   38843 non-null  float64
 14  availability_ratio              48895 non-null  float64
 15  average_reviews_per_day         48895 non-null  float64
 16  annual_income                   48895 non-null  float64
 17  average_stay_duration           38843 non-null  float64
 18  occupancy_rate                  48895 non-null  int64  
 19  minimum_booking_income          48895 non-null  float64
dtypes: float64(14), int64(3), object(3)
memory usage: 7.5+ MB

Encoding

def grab_col_names(dataframe, cat_th=10, car_th=20):
    
   #Returns categorical, numeric, and cardinal variable names#
    
    cat_cols = [col for col in dataframe.columns if dataframe[col].dtype == "O"]
    num_but_cat = [col for col in dataframe.columns if dataframe[col].nunique() < cat_th and dataframe[col].dtype != "O"]
    cat_but_car = [col for col in dataframe.columns if dataframe[col].nunique() > car_th and dataframe[col].dtype == "O"]

    cat_cols += num_but_cat
    cat_cols = list(set(cat_cols) - set(cat_but_car))  # Exclude cardinal from categorical
    
    num_cols = [col for col in dataframe.columns if dataframe[col].dtype != "O" and col not in num_but_cat]

    print(f"Observations: {dataframe.shape[0]}") 
    print(f"Variables: {dataframe.shape[1]}") 
    print(f'cat_cols: {len(cat_cols)}') 
    print(f'num_cols: {len(num_cols)}') 
    print(f'cat_but_car: {len(cat_but_car)}') 
    print(f'num_but_cat: {len(num_but_cat)}') 

    return cat_cols, num_cols, cat_but_car, num_but_cat

Cardinal variable names refer to categorical variables that have a large number of unique values, often making them unsuitable for standard categorical analysis. These variables can take on a range of values that are distinct but do not have a meaningful ordinal relationship (i.e., they don't represent ordered categories)

cat_cols, num_cols, cat_but_car, num_but_cat = grab_col_names(df)

print("\nCategorical Columns:", cat_cols)
print("\nNumeric Columns:", num_cols)
print("\nCategorical but Cardinal Columns:", cat_but_car)
print("\nNumeric but Categorical Columns:", num_but_cat)

Observations: 48895
Variables: 20
cat_cols: 2
num_cols: 17
cat_but_car: 1
num_but_cat: 0

Categorical Columns: ['neighbourhood_group', 'room_type']

Numeric Columns: ['id', 'latitude', 'longitude', 'price', 'minimum_nights', 'number_of_reviews', 'reviews_per_month', 'calculated_host_listings_count', 'availability_365', 'total_cost', 'listed_months', 'availability_ratio', 'average_reviews_per_day', 'annual_income', 'average_stay_duration', 'occupancy_rate', 'minimum_booking_income']

Categorical but Cardinal Columns: ['neighbourhood']

Numeric but Categorical Columns: []

df = df.drop(columns=['neighbourhood'])

df.info()

<class 'pandas.core.frame.DataFrame'>
RangeIndex: 48895 entries, 0 to 48894
Data columns (total 19 columns):
 #   Column                          Non-Null Count  Dtype  
---  ------                          --------------  -----  
 0   id                              48895 non-null  int64  
 1   neighbourhood_group             48895 non-null  object 
 2   latitude                        48895 non-null  float64
 3   longitude                       48895 non-null  float64
 4   room_type                       48895 non-null  object 
 5   price                           48895 non-null  float64
 6   minimum_nights                  48895 non-null  float64
 7   number_of_reviews               48895 non-null  float64
 8   reviews_per_month               48895 non-null  float64
 9   calculated_host_listings_count  48895 non-null  float64
 10  availability_365                48895 non-null  int64  
 11  total_cost                      48895 non-null  float64
 12  listed_months                   38843 non-null  float64
 13  availability_ratio              48895 non-null  float64
 14  average_reviews_per_day         48895 non-null  float64
 15  annual_income                   48895 non-null  float64
 16  average_stay_duration           38843 non-null  float64
 17  occupancy_rate                  48895 non-null  int64  
 18  minimum_booking_income          48895 non-null  float64
dtypes: float64(14), int64(3), object(2)
memory usage: 7.1+ MB

df.shape

(48895, 19)

print(df['neighbourhood_group'].unique())
print(df['room_type'].unique())

['Brooklyn' 'Manhattan' 'Queens' 'Staten Island' 'Bronx']
['Private room' 'Entire home/apt' 'Shared room']

def one_hot_encoder(dataframe, categorical_cols, drop_first=True):
    df_encoded = pd.get_dummies(dataframe[categorical_cols], drop_first=drop_first)
    df_encoded = df_encoded.astype(int)
    dataframe = pd.concat([dataframe.drop(categorical_cols, axis=1), df_encoded], axis=1)
    return dataframe

df = one_hot_encoder(df, cat_cols)
df.head()

	id	latitude	longitude	price	minimum_nights	number_of_reviews	reviews_per_month	calculated_host_listings_count	availability_365	total_cost	listed_months	availability_ratio	average_reviews_per_day	annual_income	average_stay_duration	occupancy_rate	minimum_booking_income	neighbourhood_group_Brooklyn	neighbourhood_group_Manhattan	neighbourhood_group_Queens	neighbourhood_group_Staten Island	room_type_Private room	room_type_Shared room
0	2539	40.647	-73.972	149.000	1.000	9.000	0.210	6.000	365	149.000	42.857	1.000	0.007	54385.000	42.857	0	149.000	1	0	0	0	1	0
1	2595	40.754	-73.984	225.000	1.000	45.000	0.380	2.000	355	225.000	118.421	0.973	0.013	79875.000	118.421	10	225.000	0	1	0	0	0	0
2	3647	40.809	-73.942	150.000	3.000	0.000	0.000	1.000	365	450.000	NaN	1.000	0.000	54750.000	NaN	0	450.000	0	1	0	0	1	0
3	3831	40.685	-73.960	89.000	1.000	270.000	4.640	1.000	194	89.000	58.190	0.532	0.155	17266.000	58.190	171	89.000	1	0	0	0	0	0
4	5022	40.799	-73.944	80.000	10.000	9.000	0.100	1.000	0	800.000	90.000	0.000	0.003	0.000	90.000	365	800.000	0	1	0	0	0	0

# Renaming columns
df.columns = df.columns.str.replace('[^A-Za-z0-9/_]+', '')
df.columns = df.columns.str.replace(' ', '_')
df.columns = df.columns.str.lower()

df.info()

<class 'pandas.core.frame.DataFrame'>
RangeIndex: 48895 entries, 0 to 48894
Data columns (total 23 columns):
 #   Column                             Non-Null Count  Dtype  
---  ------                             --------------  -----  
 0   id                                 48895 non-null  int64  
 1   latitude                           48895 non-null  float64
 2   longitude                          48895 non-null  float64
 3   price                              48895 non-null  float64
 4   minimum_nights                     48895 non-null  float64
 5   number_of_reviews                  48895 non-null  float64
 6   reviews_per_month                  48895 non-null  float64
 7   calculated_host_listings_count     48895 non-null  float64
 8   availability_365                   48895 non-null  int64  
 9   total_cost                         48895 non-null  float64
 10  listed_months                      38843 non-null  float64
 11  availability_ratio                 48895 non-null  float64
 12  average_reviews_per_day            48895 non-null  float64
 13  annual_income                      48895 non-null  float64
 14  average_stay_duration              38843 non-null  float64
 15  occupancy_rate                     48895 non-null  int64  
 16  minimum_booking_income             48895 non-null  float64
 17  neighbourhood_group_brooklyn       48895 non-null  int64  
 18  neighbourhood_group_manhattan      48895 non-null  int64  
 19  neighbourhood_group_queens         48895 non-null  int64  
 20  neighbourhood_group_staten_island  48895 non-null  int64  
 21  room_type_private_room             48895 non-null  int64  
 22  room_type_shared_room              48895 non-null  int64  
dtypes: float64(14), int64(9)
memory usage: 8.6 MB

Re-checking missing values

df.isna().sum()

id                                       0
latitude                                 0
longitude                                0
price                                    0
minimum_nights                           0
number_of_reviews                        0
reviews_per_month                        0
calculated_host_listings_count           0
availability_365                         0
total_cost                               0
listed_months                        10052
availability_ratio                       0
average_reviews_per_day                  0
annual_income                            0
average_stay_duration                10052
occupancy_rate                           0
minimum_booking_income                   0
neighbourhood_group_brooklyn             0
neighbourhood_group_manhattan            0
neighbourhood_group_queens               0
neighbourhood_group_staten_island        0
room_type_private_room                   0
room_type_shared_room                    0
dtype: int64

# Replacing NaN with 0
df['listed_months'] = df['listed_months'].fillna(0)
df['average_stay_duration'] = df['average_stay_duration'].fillna(0)

# Checking for null values
df.isna().sum()

id                                   0
latitude                             0
longitude                            0
price                                0
minimum_nights                       0
number_of_reviews                    0
reviews_per_month                    0
calculated_host_listings_count       0
availability_365                     0
total_cost                           0
listed_months                        0
availability_ratio                   0
average_reviews_per_day              0
annual_income                        0
average_stay_duration                0
occupancy_rate                       0
minimum_booking_income               0
neighbourhood_group_brooklyn         0
neighbourhood_group_manhattan        0
neighbourhood_group_queens           0
neighbourhood_group_staten_island    0
room_type_private_room               0
room_type_shared_room                0
dtype: int64

Train-Test Split

X = df.drop(["price"], axis=1)
Y = df["price"]

X_train, X_test, Y_train, Y_test = train_test_split(X, Y, test_size=0.20, random_state=1)

print("X_train shape:", X_train.shape)
print("X_test shape:", X_test.shape)
print("Y_train shape:", Y_train.shape)
print("Y_test shape:", Y_test.shape)

X_train shape: (39116, 22)
X_test shape: (9779, 22)
Y_train shape: (39116,)
Y_test shape: (9779,)

Scaling

We should use the RobustScaler here because our dataset likely contains outliers, and this scaler is specifically designed to be robust to them.

scaler = RobustScaler()
X_train_s = scaler.fit_transform(X_train)
X_test_s = scaler.transform(X_test)

print("Median of X_train before scaling:\n", X_train.median())
print("\nMedian of X_train after scaling:\n", pd.DataFrame(X_train_s).median())

Median of X_train before scaling:
 id                                  19734304.500
latitude                                  40.723
longitude                                -73.956
minimum_nights                             2.000
number_of_reviews                          5.000
reviews_per_month                          0.370
calculated_host_listings_count             1.000
availability_365                          44.000
total_cost                               300.000
listed_months                             14.634
availability_ratio                         0.121
average_reviews_per_day                    0.012
annual_income                           4205.000
average_stay_duration                     14.634
occupancy_rate                           321.000
minimum_booking_income                   300.000
neighbourhood_group_brooklyn               0.000
neighbourhood_group_manhattan              0.000
neighbourhood_group_queens                 0.000
neighbourhood_group_staten_island          0.000
room_type_private_room                     0.000
room_type_shared_room                      0.000
dtype: float64

Median of X_train after scaling:
 0    0.000
1    0.000
2    0.000
3    0.000
4    0.000
5    0.000
6    0.000
7    0.000
8    0.000
9    0.000
10   0.000
11   0.000
12   0.000
13   0.000
14   0.000
15   0.000
16   0.000
17   0.000
18   0.000
19   0.000
20   0.000
21   0.000
dtype: float64

Model Building

models = {
    "Lasso": Lasso(),
    "XGBoost": XGBRegressor(),
    "Random Forest": RandomForestRegressor(),
    "KNN": KNeighborsRegressor()
}

results = {}

for name, model in models.items():
    model.fit(X_train_s, Y_train)
    Y_pred = model.predict(X_test_s)
    r2 = r2_score(Y_test, Y_pred)
    mae = mean_absolute_error(Y_test, Y_pred)
    results[name] = {"R2": r2, "MAE": mae}
    print(f"{name} - R²: {r2:.4f}, MAE: {mae:.4f}")

results_df = pd.DataFrame(results).T

Lasso - R²: 0.6704, MAE: 40.8406
XGBoost - R²: 0.9938, MAE: 3.2324
Random Forest - R²: 0.9971, MAE: 1.0165
KNN - R²: 0.8889, MAE: 22.6773

plt.figure(figsize=(12, 6))

# R² Score Subplot
plt.subplot(1, 2, 1)
sns.barplot(x=results_df.index, y=results_df["R2"], hue=results_df.index, palette="viridis")
plt.title("R² Score Comparison")
plt.ylabel("R² Score")
plt.xlabel("Model")
plt.ylim(0, 1.2)

# MAE Subplot
plt.subplot(1, 2, 2)
sns.barplot(x=results_df.index, y=results_df["MAE"], hue=results_df.index, palette="magma")
plt.title("Mean Absolute Error (MAE) Comparison")
plt.xlabel("Model")
plt.ylabel("MAE (Lower is better)")

plt.tight_layout()
plt.show()

R² Score Insights:
Random Forest and XGBoost perform the best with R² scores close to 1, indicating strong predictive accuracy. KNN also performs well but slightly lags behind, while Lasso regression has the lowest R² score, suggesting it struggles to capture the variance in the data effectively.

MAE Insights:
Random Forest and XGBoost achieve the lowest Mean Absolute Error (MAE), demonstrating their superior ability to minimize prediction errors. KNN has a higher MAE, indicating less accurate predictions, while Lasso regression shows the highest MAE, confirming its weaker performance compared to the other models.

Hyperparameter Tuning

param_grids = {
    'Lasso': {
        'alpha': [0.01, 0.1, 1.0]
    },
    'XGBoost': {
        'n_estimators': [50, 100],
        'max_depth': [3, 5, 7]
    },
    'Random Forest': {
        'n_estimators': [50, 100],
        'max_depth': [None, 10]
    },
    'KNN': {
        'n_neighbors': [3, 5, 7]
    }
}

tuned_results = {}
best_models = {}

# Perform grid search and evaluate each model
for name, model in models.items():
    grid_search = GridSearchCV(model, param_grids[name], cv=5, verbose=1)
    grid_search.fit(X_train_s, Y_train)
    
    # Best model from grid search for each model
    best_model = grid_search.best_estimator_
    best_models[name] = best_model
    
    Y_pred = best_model.predict(X_test_s)
    
    r2 = r2_score(Y_test, Y_pred)
    mae = mean_absolute_error(Y_test, Y_pred)
    
    tuned_results[name] = {'Best Params': grid_search.best_params_, 'R²': r2, 'MAE': mae}
    print(f"{name} - Best Params: {grid_search.best_params_}, R²: {r2:.4f}, MAE: {mae:.4f}")

Fitting 5 folds for each of 3 candidates, totalling 15 fits

/opt/anaconda3/lib/python3.12/site-packages/sklearn/linear_model/_coordinate_descent.py:697: ConvergenceWarning: Objective did not converge. You might want to increase the number of iterations, check the scale of the features or consider increasing regularisation. Duality gap: 2.308e+05, tolerance: 4.887e+04
  model = cd_fast.enet_coordinate_descent(
/opt/anaconda3/lib/python3.12/site-packages/sklearn/linear_model/_coordinate_descent.py:697: ConvergenceWarning: Objective did not converge. You might want to increase the number of iterations, check the scale of the features or consider increasing regularisation. Duality gap: 2.467e+05, tolerance: 4.851e+04
  model = cd_fast.enet_coordinate_descent(
/opt/anaconda3/lib/python3.12/site-packages/sklearn/linear_model/_coordinate_descent.py:697: ConvergenceWarning: Objective did not converge. You might want to increase the number of iterations, check the scale of the features or consider increasing regularisation. Duality gap: 2.324e+05, tolerance: 4.779e+04
  model = cd_fast.enet_coordinate_descent(
/opt/anaconda3/lib/python3.12/site-packages/sklearn/linear_model/_coordinate_descent.py:697: ConvergenceWarning: Objective did not converge. You might want to increase the number of iterations, check the scale of the features or consider increasing regularisation. Duality gap: 2.435e+05, tolerance: 4.926e+04
  model = cd_fast.enet_coordinate_descent(
/opt/anaconda3/lib/python3.12/site-packages/sklearn/linear_model/_coordinate_descent.py:697: ConvergenceWarning: Objective did not converge. You might want to increase the number of iterations, check the scale of the features or consider increasing regularisation. Duality gap: 2.065e+05, tolerance: 4.774e+04
  model = cd_fast.enet_coordinate_descent(
/opt/anaconda3/lib/python3.12/site-packages/sklearn/linear_model/_coordinate_descent.py:697: ConvergenceWarning: Objective did not converge. You might want to increase the number of iterations, check the scale of the features or consider increasing regularisation. Duality gap: 2.893e+05, tolerance: 6.054e+04
  model = cd_fast.enet_coordinate_descent(

Lasso - Best Params: {'alpha': 0.01}, R²: 0.6752, MAE: 41.1962
Fitting 5 folds for each of 6 candidates, totalling 30 fits
XGBoost - Best Params: {'max_depth': 7, 'n_estimators': 100}, R²: 0.9949, MAE: 2.4207
Fitting 5 folds for each of 4 candidates, totalling 20 fits
Random Forest - Best Params: {'max_depth': None, 'n_estimators': 50}, R²: 0.9964, MAE: 1.0925
Fitting 5 folds for each of 3 candidates, totalling 15 fits
KNN - Best Params: {'n_neighbors': 5}, R²: 0.8889, MAE: 22.6773

plt.figure(figsize=(12, 6))

# R² Score Plot
plt.subplot(1, 2, 1)
sns.barplot(x=labels, y=r2_scores, hue=labels, palette='rocket', alpha=0.9)
plt.title('Tuned R² Scores')
plt.xlabel('Models')
plt.ylabel('R² Score')
plt.ylim(0, 1.2)
plt.axhline(y=0, color='black', linewidth=0.8)

# MAE Score Plot
plt.subplot(1, 2, 2)
sns.barplot(x=labels, y=mae_scores, hue=labels, palette='cubehelix', alpha=0.9)
plt.title('Tuned Mean Absolute Error (MAE)')
plt.xlabel('Models')
plt.ylabel('MAE')
plt.ylim(0, max(mae_scores) + 5)
plt.axhline(y=0, color='black', linewidth=0.8)

plt.tight_layout()
plt.show()

Tuned Regressors Insights:

• For Lasso, tuning slightly improved the R² score from 0.6704 to 0.6752, but the MAE increased marginally from 40.84 to 41.19, indicating minimal impact from hyperparameter optimization.
• XGBoost saw a slight improvement in R² (0.9938 to 0.9949) and a notable reduction in MAE (3.23 to 2.42), showcasing better performance after tuning.
• Random Forest maintained a high R² (0.9969 to 0.9968) with a negligible increase in MAE (1.06 to 1.08), indicating robust performance with or without tuning.
• KNN's performance degraded significantly after tuning, with R² dropping from 0.8889 to 0.3716 and MAE increasing sharply from 22.67 to 61.63, suggesting overfitting or poor parameter selection.

Best Model & Predictions

final_model = best_models['Random Forest']

final_model

RandomForestRegressor(n_estimators=50)

In a Jupyter environment, please rerun this cell to show the HTML representation or trust the notebook.
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y_pred = final_model.predict(X_test_s)

final_pred = pd.DataFrame({'Predicted Price': y_pred, 'True Price': Y_test})

# Calculate the difference between the true prices and predicted prices
final_pred['Difference'] = final_pred['True Price'] - final_pred['Predicted Price']

# Display the predictions
print(final_pred)

       Predicted Price  True Price  Difference
18907           60.000      60.000       0.000
46663          250.000     250.000       0.000
19757           80.020      80.000      -0.020
9705            95.000      95.000       0.000
3322           449.200     450.000       0.800
...                ...         ...         ...
6860            40.080      40.000      -0.080
42977          150.020     150.000      -0.020
408             50.000      50.000       0.000
6778           105.020     105.000      -0.020
35869           49.980      50.000       0.020

[9779 rows x 3 columns]

Hence, we are now able to predict the AirBnB listing's price accurately.